16/8/ · Cause: The Cause of the Tsunami was because of a earthquake. The earthquake was caused because of the collision of the Indian Plate and Burma plate. The Indian plate actually slipped under the Burma plate because of a fault line Tsunami Essay Can you imagine a giant wave big enough to fill a tank kilometers wide, kilometers high and more than 11 kilometers long, and a magnitude earthquake, killing more than , people in a single day Hundreds also died in Africa, while thousands of foreign travellers were killed in the disaster, including 26 Australians. The Boxing Day tsunami in is believed to be the deadliest tsunami in history, killing more than , people (ABC, ). Figure 1. Deaths and damage caused by the Boxing Day Tsunami
The Tsunami in Sri Lanka - Words | Essay Example
The tsunami of December 26 th was a natural disaster that occurred in the Indian Ocean. According to Shibayamathe tsunami was caused by a 9. The earthquake struck the coastal area off northern Sumatra in Indonesia triggering a gigantic tsunami that affected many countries including India, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Africa. Being a region of soaring volcanic and earthquake activity, the eastern Indian Ocean basin experienced the tsunami that left many countries with devastating consequences.
According to Bappenas the impact of the tsunami was more devastating in the nations that border the Indian Ocean because such nations had essay on tsunami 2004 tsunami warning systems and timely communication. According to Shibayamathe tsunami attracted worldwide aid and effort from the United Nations, community groups, national institutions and international organizations because of the immense ecological, economic and social consequences experienced in Indonesia and the neighbouring countries.
According to Bappenasthe Indonesian tsunami was the most devastating disaster as more thanpeople lost lives and 1. This paper looks at consequences of this essay on tsunami 2004 to the country of Indonesia in terms of general consequences, i.
overview and physical mechanisms, physical consequences and socio-economic consequences. Although tsunamis can originate from many geophysical mechanisms like volcanoes, landslides and earthquakes, the Indonesian tsunamis have been known to occur along the subduction zones and active seismic regions from tectonic earthquakes.
Latief et al. The areas prone to tsunamis on the Indonesian coast are:. The west coast of Sumatra, the south coast of Java, the north and south coasts of West Nusa, Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara provinces, the islands of Maluku and North Maluku Provinces, the north coast of Papua and most of the Sulawesi coastlinep.
Prasetya et al. The joining of essay on tsunami 2004 plates results to a multifaceted area having a fault zone, subduction zone, back-arc thrusting zone, collision zone and back-arc spreading zone as shown in Figure 1.
Majority of the seismic active zones are found under the sea and they have been known to generate huge shallow earthquakes that lead to tsunamis Silver et al. Historical records show that sinceabout eighteen tsunamis have been produced in this region by such earthquakes with fourteen of the tsunamis occurring in eastern Indonesia Prasetya et al.
This is an indication of an unstable seabed in the region that is able to produce tsunamis than other parts of Indonesia p. Figure 1: Tectonic and tsunami map of Indonesian archipelago Adapted from Silver et al.
Frequent tsunamis in Indonesia occur in the Makassar Strait, which forms a vital border between the western and eastern regions Silver et al. Six of the recorded eighteen tsunamis since occurred in Makassar Strait from large shallow earthquakes formed through back-arc spreading, essay on tsunami 2004.
These tsunamigenic earthquakes have epicentres near the western shore of Sulawesi Island and these epicentres are disseminated relative to two fault zones that traverse the Makassar Strait Prasetya et al. These are Palu-Koro fault zone which connects with Sulawesi subduction zone to the north and Paternoster fault to the south. The tsunami was the most tragic event occurring in Indonesia from the Sumatra earthquake that generated a tsunami that not only affected Nangroe Aceh Darussalam NAD and north Sumatra provinces but also spread to nearby nations.
Nevertheless, Indonesia was the most affected region where the disaster killed many people and displaced others. According to Bappenasthere was insufficient time for any alerts and evacuations hence causing a crisis.
The tsunami had significant geological effects on the Indian basin and destructive effects on communities living at the coastal region and its environs.
Studies have shown that the tsunami greatly damaged fishing boats, houses, prawn culture ponds, tourist resorts, soils and crops as well as livelihoods of coastal communities. Moreover, since most people preferred to live near the coast, such regions were usually highly populated which needs us to understand the impacts of this natural disaster Saatcioglu et al. This tsunami hit hard the offshore islands and the Sumatra coasts on the south and northern sides.
The west-facing coastlines of Sumatra were hit by waves exceeding 30 meters within a period of fifteen to thirty minutes of the earthquake Richmond et al. There were tsunami flow depths of above thirteen meters along a km stretch of the Northwestern coast that led to extensive damage and alteration of the coastal region Moore et al. Furthermore, there was extensive deposition of tsunami deposits composed mainly of sand in northern Sumatra from the zone of erosion near the shoreline to within twenty meters of flooded sites.
According to Moore et al. A survey of the physical impacts of the tsunami indicated that the highest shore sand deposits were about meters and five kilometres of mud deposit layers inland p, essay on tsunami 2004.
According to Richmond et al. The different levels of deposits along the land led to irregular deposition of mass. Generally, there was a thick deposit away from the shoreline to a place where it levelled at some point then became thin near the landward boundary. The changes in surface topography greatly influenced different levels of thickness of the sand sheets, especially with depressions essay on tsunami 2004 were in-filled and highs that lacked or had minimal deposits.
For example, areas with beach ridges had varied deposit thickness with high sand deposits of eighty essay on tsunami 2004 far from the normal five to twenty Moore et al. There were many layers of deposits whose entire width reflected depositions at different instances of either numerous waves or up-rush and return flow.
The tsunami also transported rock sized matter as evidenced by isolated coral boulders deposited on the landward side of the beach Brown Reef surveys done in eight offshore islands and one mainland Aceh spots over a km distance essay on tsunami 2004 that the tsunami inverted coral colonies as well as the tree debris on the reef Silver et al.
Most areas experienced severe tsunami damage and most corals were killed. According to Brownthe earthquake essay on tsunami 2004 to the subsidence and uplift of some islands which affected the reef ecosystem dynamics.
For instance, the uplifted reef-flat corals thrived well, the reef-front corals were moved to the reef-flat region and the reef-flat groups were repositioned to the reef-front. The tsunami mechanically damaged the corals, rolled them and caused sedimentation in the reef from the land run-off, essay on tsunami 2004.
This affected the coral biodiversity of Indonesia Brown,p, essay on tsunami 2004. The tsunami also resulted to loss of natural ecosystems along the coastal line. A damage assessment carried out in Indonesia by the State Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia showed that a large percentage of the coral reefs, wetlands, seagrass beds and sandy beaches located in the Western Indonesian coasts were totally damaged Brown essay on tsunami 2004, p.
According to Mooreessay on tsunami 2004, the tsunami had tremendous effect on the environment, especially on vegetation, essay on tsunami 2004, forests and groundwater. Large agricultural and non-agricultural lands were damaged by the tsunami due to waterlogging, deposits of debris and sediment, soil erosion and salt deposits created by sea waves p.
Seawater inundation occurred on a large area and surveys have indicated that pH and EC values increased irrespective of how far the area was from the sea thus making most wells and open ponds to have high salinity levels. According to Shibayamathe soil, as well as freshwater supplies, were poisoned by infiltration of saline water and salt deposits over land, essay on tsunami 2004.
The increased soil salinity negatively affected crops and made lands unsuitable for farming. Seawater intrusion also affected large fields of agricultural and horticultural croplands adjacent to the seacoast.
The tsunami also damaged drainage channels, irrigation channels and canals. For instance, canals were widened by invasion and retreating action of waves and later deposition with sand particles. The land cover on sea, sand dune and saltpan areas were changed by the tsunami. For example, eroded sand particles carried by waves were deposited in the sea during the receding action thereby covering a large area of the sea with sand Moore et al. According to Bappenasthe flooded tsunami waters contaminated water supplies leaving many people without safe water as well as exposing them to water-borne illnesses such as typhoid, cholera and malaria.
This was shown by World Health Organization reports which indicated that death of many people due to the tsunami made waterborne disease-outbreaks an issue of chief concern. Bappenas further reports that coral reefs in Maldives which were struck by waves, did not have fresh water causing them to be inhabitable for a long time.
The water sources were contaminated by dead vegetation, human corpses and animal corpses. After the tsunami, essay on tsunami 2004, principalities had difficulty in dealing with large debris combined with solid wastes like sand and sewage, essay on tsunami 2004. The improper disposal of these wastes contaminated the soil and water supply systems, essay on tsunami 2004.
Saatcioglu et al. This posed numerous health-related risks to humanity p. According to Shibayamaa lot of matter was possibly carried back during the return flow from land into the sea, leading to nitrification of Coastal waters as the matter contained nutrients and trace elements.
This caused and continues to cause development of secondary consumers and a blossom of phytoplankton in the hypoxic conditions. Therefore, essay on tsunami 2004, after the tsunami, heavy deposits in forests altered the composition of species residing in forest soils.
Richmond et al. According to Saatcioglu et al. The waves of the tsunami imposed water pressures with great force on buildings, bridges and other structures near the coast which stirred up severe damage to infrastructure in surrounding land areas. The breaking waves also exerted pressure on nearby structures along with hydro-dynamic pressures generated by high water velocity that caused full or partial crumple of buildings and other structures.
Saatcioglu also points out that damages in Thailand entirely resulted from water pressures which ranged from spontaneous gushy pressures of breaking waves at the shore to low dynamic pressures on land caused by reduced velocity of water and induced by surface friction. For instance, in the Indonesian region of Banda Aceh, floating debris made of large objects impacted on structures p. Due to destruction of bridges, the Indonesian army put up bailey bridges to be able to find a way into nearby cement plants, essay on tsunami 2004.
Therefore, transportation was greatly paralyzed and this endangered and hindered relief efforts, essay on tsunami 2004.
The worldwide humanitarian agencies were forced to clear the streets covered with debris from collapsed and damaged structures and vegetation. In addition, urban areas were inaccessible e. the km coastal road to Meulaboh, which was swept away by tsunami wave pressures and had its bridges weakened p. The Indonesian storm drainage system had concrete open channels along the main streets roofed with solid slabs and prefabricated in most populous areas.
These drainage channels had to be thoroughly cleaned for reuse. Moreover, the water mains were damaged, resulting to disruption of water supply to Banda Aceh. Many main pipelines attached to bridges were said to have been broken and damaged by collapsed bridge materials or floating debris Saatcioglu et al. Edwards points out that the United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination UNDAC participated in the Rapid Environmental Assessment REA of Aceh, Indonesia and reported that bulky debris and wastes were still evident in the destroyed settlements, along roads and adjacent to the ocean.
According to Edwardsmajority of the wastes and debris came from damaged buildings, soil and organic matter such as domestic waste and wood, and vegetation. In addition, the REA found out that household items, e. furniture, plastics, clothes, cars and damaged containers, as well as refrigerators, were part of the debris this is shown in figure 2. Edwards further points out that some areas reportedly had oil wastes and chemicals that mixed with water and sewage essay on tsunami 2004 causing blockage of water sources like rivers and water channels Edwards Following the tsunami, the wastes and debris created an ongoing problem in Indonesia due to improper management of the wastes.
Most wastes were dumped in the sea, rivers and beaches while others in emergency open dumps, thus causing fires. According to Edwards, there were three emergency open dumps in Banda Aceh and two old dumps at Gampong Jawa and Meulaboh and these open dumps were managed by local governments.
However, waste management efforts were greatly affected as local governments lost a larger proportion of employees Edwards Edwards cites reports from REA, which indicated that the tsunami exposed the environment to risks of chemical exposure, essay on tsunami 2004, essay on tsunami 2004 in places of usage, storage and manufacture.
In addition, such environments had dangerous products e. lubricants, kerosene and diesel. For example, chemical manufacturing industries, oil industries and the fishing industries are regarded as being the most important essay on tsunami 2004 which underpin the economy of NAD province.
Short notes on Tsunami
, time: 4:01Tsunami of - Words | Case Study Example
27/6/ · The second essay is a short essay on Tsunami of words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below. Long Essay on Tsunami Words in English. Below we have given a long essay on Tsunami of words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam blogger.comted Reading Time: 8 mins Essay on Tsunami , words. Essay on tsunami Tsunami is most dreadful of all-natural calamities. It means terrible sea-shore waves. Whenever Tsunami happens there is a lot of destruction at the ports and nearby areas. Tsunamis are to happen from time to time. Sometimes they are destructive and other times not so. A tsunami happens due to the Tsunami Essay Can you imagine a giant wave big enough to fill a tank kilometers wide, kilometers high and more than 11 kilometers long, and a magnitude earthquake, killing more than , people in a single day
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