Feb 01, · Social psychology uses scientific methods to understand how social influences impact human behavior. It seeks to explain how feelings, behavior, and Cheap essay writing sercice. If you need professional help with completing any kind of homework, Online Essay Help is the right place to get it. Whether you are looking for essay, coursework, research, or term paper help, or with any other assignments, it is no problem for us Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human blogger.com study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning
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Affectin psychologyrefers to the underlying experience of feelingemotion or mood. Affective states vary along three principal dimensions: valencesocial psychology essay structure, arousal, and motivational intensity. It is important to note that arousal is different from motivational intensity, social psychology essay structure. While arousal is a construct that is closely related to motivational intensity, they differ in that motivation necessarily implies action while arousal does not.
Affect is sometimes used to mean affect displaywhich is "a facial, vocal, or gestural behavior that serves as an indicator of affect" APA In psychology, affect brings about an organism 's interaction with stimuli. Affect can influence cognitive scope the breadth of cognitive processes [8], social psychology essay structure.
Initially, it was thought that positive affects broadened whereas negative affects narrowed social psychology essay structure scope. The construct of cognitive scope could be valuable in cognitive psychology. According to a research article about affect tolerance written by psychiatrist Jerome Sashin, "Affect tolerance can be defined as the ability to social psychology essay structure to a stimulus which would ordinarily be expected to evoke affects by the subjective experiencing of feelings.
One who is low in affect tolerance would show little to no reaction to emotion and feeling of any kind. This is closely related to alexithymia. According to Dalya Samur and colleagues, [11] people with alexithymia have been shown to have correlations with increased suicide rates, [12] mental discomfort, [13] and deaths.
Affect tolerance [15] [16] factors, including anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional distress tolerance, may be helped by mindfulness. Mindfulness has been shown to produce "increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation.
The affective domain represents one of the three divisions described in modern psychology : the other two being the behavioraland the cognitive.
Classically, these divisions have also been referred to as the "ABC's of psychology", [19] However, in certain views, the cognitive may be considered as a part of the affective, or the affective as a part of the cognitive; [20] it is important to note that "cognitive and affective states … [are] merely analytic categories.
Robert B. Zajonc asserts this reaction to stimuli is primary for human beings and that it is the dominant reaction for non-human organisms. Zajonc suggests that affective reactions can occur without extensive perceptual and cognitive encoding and be made sooner and with greater confidence than cognitive judgments Zajonc, Many theorists e.
Lazarus, consider affect to be post-cognitive: elicited only after a certain amount of cognitive processing of information has been accomplished. In this view, such affective social psychology essay structure as liking, social psychology essay structure, disliking, evaluation, or the experience of pleasure or displeasure each result from a different prior cognitive process that makes a variety of content discriminations and identifies features, examines them to find value, and weighs them according to their contributions Brewin, social psychology essay structure, Some scholars e.
Lerner and Keltner argue that affect can be both pre- and post-cognitive: initial emotional responses produce thoughts, which produce affect. In a further iteration, some scholars argue that affect is necessary for enabling more rational modes of cognition e. Damasio A divergence from a narrow reinforcement model of emotion allows other perspectives about how affect influences emotional development.
Thus, temperamentcognitive development, socialization patterns, and the idiosyncrasies of one's family or subculture might interact in nonlinear ways. Some other social sciences, such as geography or anthropologyhave adopted the concept of affect during the last decade, social psychology essay structure.
In French psychoanalysis a major contribution to the field of affect comes from André Green. Affect has also challenged methodologies of the social sciences by emphasizing somatic power over the idea of a removed objectivity and therefore has strong ties with the contemporary non-representational theory.
A number of experiments have been conducted in the study of social and psychological affective preferences i. Specific research has been done on preferencesattitudesimpression formationand decision-making, social psychology essay structure. This research contrasts findings with recognition memory old-new judgmentsallowing researchers to demonstrate reliable distinctions between the two.
Affect-based judgments and cognitive processes have been examined with noted differences indicated, and some argue affect and cognition are under the control of separate and partially independent systems that can influence each other in a social psychology essay structure of ways Zajonc Both affect and cognition may constitute independent sources of effects within systems of information processing. Others suggest emotion is a result of an anticipated, experienced, or imagined outcome of an adaptational transaction between organism and environment, therefore cognitive appraisal processes are keys to the development and expression of an emotion Lazarus, Affect has been found across cultures to comprise both positive and negative dimensions.
The most commonly used measure in scholarly research is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS. However, some of the PANAS items have been found either to be redundant or to have ambiguous meanings to English speakers from non-North American cultures.
As a result, an internationally reliable short-form, social psychology essay structure, the I-PANAS-SF, has been developed and validated comprising two 5-item scales with internal reliability, cross-sample and cross-cultural factorial invariance, temporal stability, convergent and criterion-related validities. Mroczek and Kolarz have also developed another set of scales to measure positive and negative affect.
The scales have shown evidence of acceptable validity and reliability across cultures. In relation to perception, a type of non-conscious affect may be separate from the cognitive processing of environmental stimuli. A monohierarchy of perception, affect and cognition considers the roles of arousalattention tendencies, affective primacy Zajonc,evolutionary constraints Shepard, ;and covert perception Weiskrantz, within the sensing and processing of preferences and discriminations.
Emotions are complex chains of events triggered by certain stimuli. There is no way to completely describe an emotion by knowing only some of its components. Verbal reports of feelings are often inaccurate because people may not know exactly what they feel, or they may feel several different emotions at the same time.
There are also situations that arise in which individuals attempt to hide their feelings, and there are some who believe that public and private events seldom coincide exactly, and that words for feelings are generally more ambiguous than are words for objects or events. Affective responses, on the other hand, are more basic and may be less problematic in terms of assessment. Brewin has proposed two experiential processes that frame non-cognitive relations between various affective experiences: those that are prewired dispositions i.
non-conscious processesable to "select from the total stimulus array those stimuli that are causally relevant, using such criteria as perceptual salience, spatiotemporal cues, and predictive value in relation to data stored social psychology essay structure memory" Brewin,p.
subconscious processessocial psychology essay structure, characterized as "rapid, relatively inflexible social psychology essay structure difficult to modify requiring minimal attention to occur and capable of being activated without intention or awareness" p. But a note should be considered on the differences between affect and emotion. Arousal is a basic physiological response to the presentation of stimuli.
When this occurs, a non-conscious affective process takes the form of two control mechanisms: one mobilizing and the other immobilizing. Within the human brain, the amygdala regulates an instinctual reaction initiating this arousal process, either freezing the individual or accelerating mobilization. The arousal response is illustrated in studies focused on reward systems that control food-seeking behavior Balleine, Researchers have focused on learning processes and modulatory processes that are present while encoding and retrieving goal values.
When an organism seeks food, the anticipation of reward based on environmental events becomes another influence on food seeking that is separate from the reward of food itself. Therefore, earning the reward and anticipating the reward are separate processes and both create an excitatory influence of reward-related cues. Both processes are dissociated at the level of the amygdala, and are functionally integrated within larger neural systems, social psychology essay structure.
Cognitive scope can be measured by tasks involving attention, perception, categorization and memory. Some studies use a flanker attention task to figure out whether cognitive scope is broadened or narrowed. For example, using the letters "H" and "N" participants need to identify as quickly as possible the middle letter of 5 when all the letters social psychology essay structure the same e. A large letter is composed of smaller letters, social psychology essay structure, in most cases smaller "L"'s or "F"'s that make up the shape of the letter "T" or "H" or vice versa.
Motivation intensity refers to the strength of urge to move toward or away from a particular stimulus. Anger and fear affective states, induced via film clips, social psychology essay structure, conferred more selective attention on a flanker task compared to controls as indicated by reaction times that were not very different, even when the flanking letters were different from the middle target letter.
Affects high in motivational intensity, thus, narrow cognitive scope making people able to focus more on target information. Social psychology essay structure, after seeing a disgusting picture, participants were faster to identify the component social psychology essay structure, indicative of a localized more narrow cognitive scope.
Affects high in motivational intensity, thus, narrow cognitive scope making people able to focus more on central information. In this case the goal would be to avoid getting killed. Moving beyond just negative affective states, researchers wanted to test whether or not the negative or positive affective states varied between high and low motivational intensity.
To evaluate this theory, Harmon-Jones, Social psychology essay structure and Price created an experiment using appetitive picture priming and the Navon task, which would allow them to measure the attentional scope with the detection of the Navon letters.
The Navon task included a social psychology essay structure affect comparison condition. Typically, neutral states cause broadened attention with a neutral stimulus.
The evidence proved that the appetitive stimuli produced a narrowed attentional scope. The experimenters further increased the narrowed attentional scope in appetitive stimuli by telling participants they would be allowed to consume the desserts shown in the pictures. The results revealed that their hypothesis was correct in that the broad attentional scope led to quicker detection of global letters and the narrowed attentional scope led to quicker detection of local letters.
Researchers Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert and Lang wanted to further examine the emotional reactions in picture priming. Instead of using an appetitive stimulus they used stimulus sets from the International Affective Picture System IAPS.
The image set includes various unpleasant pictures such as snakes, insects, attack scenes, accidents, illness, and loss. They predicted that the unpleasant picture would stimulate a defensive motivational intensity response, which would produce strong emotional arousal such as skin gland responses and cardiac deceleration.
The findings were consistent with the hypothesis and proved that emotion is organized motivationally by the intensity of activation in appetitive or defensive systems. Prior to research inHarmon-Jones and Gable performed an experiment to examine whether neural activation related with approach-motivation intensity left frontal-central activity would trigger the effect of appetitive stimuli on narrowed attention.
They also tested whether individual dissimilarities in approach motivation are associated with attentional narrowing. In social psychology essay structure to test the hypothesis, the researchers used the same Navon task with appetitive and neutral pictures in addition to having the participants indicate how long since they had last eaten in minutes.
To examine the neural activation, the researchers used an electroencephalography and recorded eye movements in order to detect what regions of the brain were being used during approach motivation. The results supported the hypothesis suggesting that the left frontal-central hemisphere is relative for approach-motivational processes and narrowed attentional scope. This statement was proved false because the research shows that the dessert pictures increase positive affect even in the hungry individuals.
Later on, researchers connected motivational intensity to clinical applications and found that alcohol-related pictures caused narrowed attention for persons who had a strong motivation to consume alcohol. The researchers tested the participants by exposing them to alcohol and neutral pictures. After the picture was displayed on a screen, the participants finished a test evaluating attentional focus.
The findings proved that exposure to alcohol-related pictures led to a narrowing of attentional focus to individuals who were motivated to use alcohol. The Alcohol Myopia Theory AMT states that alcohol consumption reduces the amount of information available in memory, which also narrows attention so only the most proximal items or striking sources are encompassed in attentional scope.
Researchers provided evidence that substance-related stimuli capture the attention of individuals social psychology essay structure they have high and intense motivation to consume the substance.
Social Thinking: Crash Course Psychology #37
, time: 10:48Affect (psychology) - Wikipedia
Nov 29, · The aim of this essay is to consider the importance of law for social work and social work users taking into consideration the relevance of social work values. Social workers have to make decisions and choices in their everyday practice based on both their own values and the values requirements as set out by the Central Council for Education Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human blogger.com study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning TED-Ed lessons on all subjects. TED-Ed celebrates the ideas of teachers and students around the world. Discover hundreds of animated lessons, create customized lessons, and share your big ideas
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